Average & Range Essay Example for Free

Average Range EssayCalculate X-Bar-Bar, R-Bar, and associated deem limits using the data in the table above. execute X-BarR (Average Range) Control Charts from the data in the table above. Discuss notable out-of-control conditions displayed in the completed X-BarR (Average Range) Control Charts. Only consider points outside the control limits. Do not consider runs, set of points within certain zones, and so forth. If the conditions you note could be defined as assignable conditions, and they are removed from the process, past what will happen to the X-BarR Control Chart?Remove the data related to the out-of-control points you observed from the original data, and recalculate new(a) X-Bar-Bar, R-Bar, and associated control limits. Create new X-BarR (Average Range) Control Charts from your updated data. Discuss how the two sets of Control Charts are different. What has changed? The format of the case study should conform to the Publication Manual for the American Psychologi cal connector (APA), 6th edition, for the title page and text. Citations and references are not required.A basic APA tutorial can be found in the Webliography, and a paper templet can be found in Doc Sharing. The completed case study will be submitted to your Dropbox as an MS Word document. All artwork and charts will be a part of the Word document and submitted as a file. Documents authored in other applications such as WordPerfect or MS working will not be accepted. This project is to be accomplished individually, and it will reflect the work of each student. All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy. recently papers will not be accepted without prior permission.

Health Issues in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

health Issues in the Philippines EssayLike any other third-world country, the Philippines have been struggling in some health issues and one of it is outlawed medicate use. A lot of Filipinos atomic soma 18 addicted to prohibited drugs. However, the Philippine government has dealt with this issue and although there are still some recorded incidents of drug abuse, the number of drug dependents in the Philippines has gradually decreased.One major health issue in the Philippines, is malnutrition. There have been studies conducted and accordingly, most of the Filipinos that suffer from malnutrition are the unforesightful ones. The Philippine government, thru the Department of Social Welfare and Developments along with the Department of Health has provided projects to help poor Filipinos from starvation. Other health issues in the Philippines are dengue cases, and then, these health concerns are only happening in the rural area of the country. Most of these cases are properly attended to by the Philippine governmentHealth issues in the PhilippinesThe Philippines have been struggling with some healthcare issues, one of the most noticeable being illegal drug use.There are a number of Filipinos who are said to be addicted to prohibited drugs. However, the Philippine governmenthas concentrated on this issue and although there are still some recorded incidents of drug abuse, the number of drug dependents has gradually decreased.Another serious health issue is malnutrition.Unsurprisingly, the poorer citizens are the ones who suffer from thiscondition. The Philippine government, through the Department of Social Welfare and Development and in pairing with the Department of Health, has initiated projects to help its poorer citizens who suffer from starvation.Cases of dengue are also notable. However, most of these cases are properly attended to by the Philippine government.

The Roaring Twenties and the Prohibition

The Roaring Twenties and the banRoaring 20s EssayThe 1920s were a time of tremendous change in America. It was a menstruation of time c entirelyed The Roaring Twenties, where America becomes urban and commercial and gets to know the speed, spending, mobility, entertainment and fearlessness. Separating the two wars( World War I and World War II), the 1920s followed probatory events such as the sinking of the Titanic (1912), the invention of the stainless steel (1913) and the completion of the Panama Canal(1914), the first transatlantic flight (1927-Charles Lindbergh). Unfortunately, this period could non closing forever the 1930s soon led to the beginning of the World War II, a conflict that cost 6, 700, 000 civilian deaths in the Soviet Union alone.During the Twenties, untried aspects of culture were established, the economy was prosperous, there was a widespread social reform, and nation found a better way to enjoy their lives and improve their lifestyle. Most of the world pr eferred to move in urban areas rather than living at rural farms, the main reason being an farming(a) depression (U.S lost agricultural grocery stores in postwar Europe).Americans were making and spending much money. As well as having more(prenominal) money, Americans too had more promiscuous time because the labor try reduced to completely eight hours in a typical work-day. Furthermore, there were introduced more and more applications suited to the personal lives of individuals and available to a mass market (vacuum-cleaners, fridges, radios). Business taxes were low (presidents Harding, Coolidge and Hoover did not interfere in business) and import taxes were high (tariffs), protecting American industry. Also, advertising industry started to flourish and change for manakin before, the producer announced the existence of a product in a dull, dry fashion, but in the 1920s, the producer persuades the public.During those years, people bought different appliances and cars, whic h gave them more free time and made their lives easier (Henry Ford uses TV newsreels to advertise the new model T). The number of cars increased quickly in Chicago, in 1915, there was one simple machine for 61 persons and in 1930, one for 8 persons. Ford offered big wages (5$/day), as he correctly assumed that mass production economy would in conclusion fail, unless workers were paid enough to buy the products they made. The main convenience of a private care in the 1920s was great mobility, followed by traveling for fun (rural people were now likely to spend the time in town and were less isolated), better employment possibilities, not only in the car industry, but as well as other industries such as rubber, steel, oil, glass. Education also increased, and by the 1920s many a(prenominal) states passed faithfulnesss requiring children to attend school, helping force children out of workplaces.Throughout the 1920s, people were more and more interested in music, the period was al so called The Jazz Age. The core of jazz music was in Harlem a musical form belonging to the sulphur and played mostly by black people. From the most known jazz musicians we remember Louis Daniel Armstrong (1901-1971) from New Orleans, Louisiana.During the decade, a new woman was about to be created. Women smoke and danced and wore make-up. They were called flappers- because of their giddy attitude and their outer clothing(looking like a boy). Flappers mostly lived in cities, though, rural people read about them in magazines. In much of the U.S, women only read about flappers in magazines but many disapproved of flappers or would not dare to be so reckless.The 1920s were a prosperous time, but not for everyone. It was also a period of intolerance and isolationism. There were imposed new restrictions on immigration, minority groups were still being discriminated and the Ku Klux Klan was powerful in the South. In rundown to this, because of having too much free time and influences of a new lifestyle, urbanization and modernization, the alcohol consumption became excessively. At first, the focus was the moderation of the consumption, but then rancid to be a complete prohibition of alcohol.The ProhibitionProhibition (the noble experiment) had quite an effect on American life in the 1920s. People hoped that a result of the Prohibition would be the reducing of crimes and corruption, solving social problems, improving health and hygiene in America, creating a moral society but it had the turnabout effect. Drinking, conducting, making and selling alcohol became illegal and many found it to be exciting and glamorous so, illegal clubs sprang up where people could go socialize and drink. everyplace the years, a number of states passed anti-alcohol laws, and World War I helped the cause when grain and grapes (which most alcohol is made of) was needed to feed the troops. The fight against alcohol was also used against immigrants, portraying them as groups of alcohol ics. Fundamentalists and protestant religious groups favored the liquor ban because it was considered that alcohol contributed to societys sins and evils, especially in cities. America stood at a occasion between tradition and innovation.What was going to ban the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol was the Eighteenth Amendment of Constitution. The 18th Amendment was originally announced in Congress on June, 1917. It was send to the Senate and in the same year, was passed to the House of Representatives. Moreover, in order to enforce the 18th amendment, it was created the Volstead Act, in 1919. Federal Prohibition Agents (they were about 3,000 agents) was to investigate who were about to sell and transport illegally alcohol if they were found guilty, they were arrested. The same thing was in the case of owning any item designed to manufacture alcohol, to the guilty ones were applied specific fines and fall back sentence(Making own beer will be difficult under new regime ).However, even if there were numerous reports of liquor clearing, the authorities missed confiscating several cases in May, 1926. Another one hundred twenty-five cases made it past the enforcement agencies in September, 1926 and one hundred twenty cases disappeared from a Canadian warehouse due for American shores in October, 1926.Speakeasies started to be popular and increased their number during the decade. They represented illegal bars selling alcohol. There was estimated over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City in the 1920s and it was the most popular way to obtain alcohol. Other ways of obtaining alcohol during the Prohibition if was prescribed by a doctor, or secretly smuggle from other countries, such as Canada.Initially, many Americans supported the idea of Prohibition. It was thought that Prohibition will reduce the number of divorces, deaths, accidents and poverty. Supporters believed that drinking liquor was immoral. Nevertheless, there were a lot of different opinions about whether it was successful or not. Drinking was part of everyday life and people enjoyed being able to have alcohol when they valued and they did not want the right to be constrictn away from them. Two of the most important supporters of Prohibition were Womens Christian Temperance Union and Anti-Saloon League.In Womens Christian Temperance Union, women were one of the main groups fighting for prohibition. Their efforts made prohibition attractive to many reformers and these women changed the opinions of many people. Reformers were also attracted to prohibition because they were able to take out many urban political bosses at the same time (since many bosses operated out of these saloons). The Anti-Saloon League was another prohibition powerhouse. The members from the league tried to get support from churches, law makers, business men and political figure heads in order to get the law passed.Prohibition and Gangsters(organized crime in the 1920s)Bootlegging became one of the most profitable business of those times. Illegal Saloons could be found all over larger cities and almost every city. The owners of these saloons produced their own homemade alcohol but also many imported it. Prohibition gave rise to huge smuggling operations, as alcohol slipped into the country through states like Michigan or on the Canadian border. one and only(a) of the inherent dangers involved in the business of smuggling liquor was the possibility of a hijacking. Gangs fought for control over the speakeasies which created a lot of violence within the city. Mobsters and gangsters started to take an initiative in the demand for alcohol and saw a chance to make a huge profit.Even if gangsterism was dangerous, this was the easiest way of making money. Criminals got richer and gained more and more power once they were armed with their guns, no one dared to stop them. If they were caught by police, they often bribed or killed the police. Also, they started bribing public officials many lawmakers, judges and Prohibition Bureau members were all involved in various crime organizations.Not only the number of crimes increased, but crime was going to be organized. The business was profitable for everyone involved. They defended their high profits by murdering hundreds of their competitors and infiltrating legitimate businesses, labor unions, and government. Most of Mafia or gangs members were young immigrants. Criminals like Al Capone, John Dillinger, Jack Legs Diamond, Bugsy Siegel and Vito Genovese were headliners of the era.To summarize, I would say that the Prohibition was thought to be more moral but it did not realized its main goals. The ones who beneficiated were gangsters and other forces of government. Americans enjoyed drinking alcohol and they even broke the law to do so as a result, the number of prisoners was larger. A consequence was the lack of respect for the law(was seen as something which was not important) and also lack of respect for religion, because preachers thought that alcohol is the main reason for societys sufferings. People also suffered, because making illegal alcohol was not so healthy some of them were poisoned, went blind or even died.

Rural Development In India Construction Essay

Rural using In India Construction EssayIndia is a sylvan of villages and about 50% of the villages set about very distressing socio-economic conditions. Since the put over of independence, concerted efforts rich person been made to ameliorate the living standard of countrified masses. So, pastoral exploitation is an integrated concept of growth and penury elimination has been of preponderating concern in all in all the consequent five year casts. Rural Development (RD) political programs comprise of followingProvision of basic infrastructure facilities in the rustic aras e.g. schools, health facilities, roadstead, drinking irrigate, electrification and so forthImproving agricultural productivity in the hoidenish beas.Provision of social services like health and education for socio-economic development.Implementing dodges for the advance of rural industry increasing agriculture productivity, providing rural employment etc.Assistance to individual families and Self H elp Groups (SHG) living below poverty verge by providing productive resources with credit and subsidy.Rural employment schemesNational Rural Employment Guarantee ActImplemented by the Ministry of Rural Development External website that opens in a new window, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) External website that opens in a new window is the flagship programme of the Government that directly touches lives of the poor and promotes inclusive growth. The Act aims at enhancing livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by providing at least single hundred days of guaranteed take employment in a financial year to either household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual(a) forge.Sampoorna gravitational constanteen Rozgar YojnaThe Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on 25 September, cc1 by merging the on-going schemes of EAS and the JGSY with the prey of providing additional wage employment and food security, alon gside creation of durable comm building blocky assets in rural areas. The programme is self-targeting in nature with provisions for special emphasis on women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and parents of children withdrawn from hazardous occupations. While preference is given to BPL families for providing wage employment on a lower floor SGRY, poor families above the poverty line after part in addition be offered employment whenever NREGA has been launched.The Gram panchayats can take up whatever work with the approval of the gram sabha as per their felt need and within available funds. Fifty per cent of the funds earmarked for the gram panchayats are to be utilise for infrastructure development works in SC/ST localities. 22.5 per cent resources must be spent on individual beneficiary schemes meant for SCs/STs out of the resource function of District Panchayat and Intermediate Panchayats. Contractors are non permitted to be sedulous for execution of each of the works and no middlemen/intermediate agencies can be engaged for executing works under the scheme. The programme is regularly monitored. The programme is being evaluated through impact studies conducted by reputed institutions and organisations sponsored by the Central/State governments.National nutrition for Work ProgrammeThe National Food for Work ProgrammeHYPERLINK http//india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http//rural.nic.in/nffwpguidelines.htm was launched in November, 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country, set by the Planning Commission in consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development and the State governments.The objective of the programme was to interpret additional resources apart from the resources available under the (SGRY)HYPERLINK http//india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http//rural.nic.in/book01-02/ch-2.pdf to 150 most backward districts of the country so that generation of supplementary wage employment and providing of food-security through creation of need based ec onomic, social and community assets in these districts are further intensified. The scheme was 100 per cent centrally sponsored. The programme has since been subsumed in National Rural Employment Guarantee Act which has come in force in 200 identified districts of the country including 150 NFFWP districts. The Act provides 100 days of work guarantee to every rural household whose members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.Rural infrastructure developmentBharat NirmanBharat Nirman is a time-bound business plan for action in rural infrastructure. Under Bharat Nirman, action is proposed in the areas of irrigation, rural housing, rural piddle supply, rural electrification and rural telecommunication unifyivity.Rural RoadsTo upgrade rural infrastructure, the Government has formulated a proposal for providing the road connections to more than than 38,484 villages above constant of gravitation population and all 20,867 residences above 500 populations in hilly and tribal areas.To grasp the targets of Bharat Nirman, 1,46,185 kms. of road length is proposed to be constructed by 2009. This entrust benefit 66,802 conflicting suitable habitations in the country. To ensure full farm to market connectivity, it is also proposed to upgrade 1,94,132 kms. of the existing Associated Through Routes. A sum of approximately Rs. 48,000 crore is proposed to be invested to achieve this.The main thrust of research and development (RD) in the roads welkin is to build a sustainable road infrastructure comparable to the best roads in the world. The various compvirtuosonts of this strategy are improvement in design, modernization of construction techniques, introduction of improved material conforming to latest trends, evolving better and get hold of specifications, encouraging development and use of new technologies etc. The dissemination of these matters is done through the publication of new guidelines, code of practices, instructions/circulars, compilation of state-of-the -art reports and seminars/presentations etc. The research schemes sponsored by the Department are generally applied in nature, which, once completed, would enable them to be adopted by user agencies/departments in their work in the field. The areas cover are roads, road transport, bridges, traffic and transportation techniques etc. The Department takes the help of various research institutions, academic institutions and universities to implement the schemes. An outlay of Rs 600.00 lakhs has been provided for RD in 2007-08. Some of the ongoing major schemes are as followsRoadsDevelopment of GIS based National Highways information systemGuidelines for soil nailing techniques in highway engineerPilot study on effect of overloading on road infrastructure Investigation on field performance of bituminous mixes with modified bindersBridges foundation of complete range of independent testing facility at Central Road Research Institute (CRRI ), New Delhi.Rural HousingHousing is one of basic requirements for human survival. For a shelterless person, possession of a house brings about a well-grounded social change in his existence, endowing him with an identity, thus integrating him with his nimble social milieu.The Ministry of Rural Development is implementing Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) with a view to providing financial assistance to the rural poor living below poverty line for construction of pucca house. The expound of the scheme along with its performance are given belowIndira Awaas Yojana (IAY)The Government of India is implementing Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) since the year 1985-86 to provide financial assistance for construction / upgradation of dwelling units to the below poverty line (BPL) rural households belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled Tribes and freed bonded labourers categories. From the year 1993-94, the scope of the scheme was prolonged to cover non-Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes rural BPL poor, subject to the condition that the bene fits to non-SC/ST would non be more than 40% of the total IAY apportioning. The benefits of the Scheme have also been extended to the families of ex-servicemen of the arm and paramilitary forces killed in action, 3% of the Houses are reserved for the rural Below Poverty Line physically and mentally challenged persons, from 2006-07 onward, funds and physical targets under IAY are also being earmarked for BPL minorities in all(prenominal) state.Under the scheme, financial resources are shared between the centre and the states on a 7525 basis. Since, step-down of shelterlessness is the primary objective, 75% weightage is given to housing shortage and 25% to the poverty ratios prescribed by Planning Commission for state take allocation. For district level allocation, 75% weightage is given again to housing shortage and 25% to SC/ST population of the concerned districts.On the basis of allocations made and targets fixed, district Rural development Agency (DRDAs)/Zilla Parishada (ZPs ) decide Panchayat-wise number of houses to be constructed under IAY and point the same to the concerned Gram Panchayat. Thereafter, the Gram Sabha selects the beneficiaries, restricting its number to the target allotted, from the list of eligible households from the Permanent IAY Waitlists. No further approval of the higher situation is required.The ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY has been enhanced w.e.f. 1.4.2008, Rs. 25, 000/- to Rs. 35,000/- per unit in the marginal areas and from Rs. 27,500/- to Rs. 38,500/- in hilly/difficult areas. For upgradation of kutcha house, the financial assistance has also been enhanced from Rs. 12,500/- to Rs. 15,000/- per unit. In addition, The Reserve Bank of India has been requested by the Ministry of Finance to include IAY houses under the Differential Rate of Interest (DRI) scheme for lending upto Rs. 20,000 per unit at an interest rate of 4%.Further, the dwelling units should invariably be allotted in the name of a female me mber of the beneficiary household. Alternatively, it can be allotted in the name of both husband and wife. Only in issue there is no eligible female member in the family, the house can be allotted in the name of an eligible male member.The strong latrine and smokeless chullah and proper drainage are required for each IAY house. Latrine could be constructed separate for the IAY house on the site of beneficiary.The construction of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary. particular date of contractors is strictly prohibited.No specific type design has been stipulated for an IAY house. plectrum of design, technology and materials for construction of an IAY house is the sole discretion of the beneficiaries.About 181.51 lakh houses have been constructed under IAY since inception of the Scheme with an expenditure of Rs. 36900.41 crores (upto 31/5/2008). motion during the year 2007-08During 2007-08, the Central allocation for Rural Houseing was Rs. 40,322.70 crore. The target for construction/upgradation of IAY houses was 21.27 lakh. Against this target, 19.88 lakh houses were constructed/upgraded by incurring an amount of Rs. 5,458.01 crores (including State share).Performance during the year 2008-09The Central allocation for 2008-09 under the IAY is Rs. 5,645.77 crore for the target of constructing/upgrading 21.27 lakh IAY houses. Out of this, an amount of Rs. 1,694.48 crore has been released as part of first gear instalment and 85,879 houses have been constructed so far, (upto 31/5/2008).IrrigationUnder the Irrigation share of Bharat Nirman, the target of creation of additional irrigation potential of 1 crore hectare in 4 years (2005-06 to 2008-09) is be after to be met largely through expeditious completion of identified ongoing major and strong point irrigation projects. Irrigation potential of 42 lakh hectare is planned to be created by expeditiously completing such ongoing major and medium projects.There is a definite gap between irrig ation potential created and the potential utilized. Under Bharat Nirman it is planned to restore and utilize irrigation potential of 10 lakh hectare through implementation of extension, renovation and modernization of schemes alongwith command area development and piddle management practices.There are considerable areas in the country with unutilised terra firma water resources. Irrigation potential of 28 lakh hectare is planned to be created through ground water development.The remaining target for creation of irrigation potential of 10 lakh hectare is planned to be created by way of minor irrigation schemes using sur daring flow.10 lakh hectare of irrigation potential is also planned by way of repair, renovation and damages of water bodies and extension, renovation and modernization of minor irrigation schemes.Telephone ConnectionsTelecom connectivity constitutes an important part of the effort to upgrade the rural infrastructure. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme, it will be ensured that 66,822 receipts villages in the country, which have not yet been provided with a Village Public Telephone (VPT), shall be covered. Out of the above villages, connectivity in 14,183 remote and far flung villages will be provided through digital satellite phone terminals. Assistance for both capital as well as operational expenditure for these VPTs will be met out of the Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF).Rural Water SupplyTo build rural infrastructure, Bharat Nirman has been launched by the Government of India in 2005 to be employ in a period of four years from 2005-06 to 2008-09. Rural drinking water is one of the six components of Bharat Nirman. During Bharat Nirman period, 55,067 un-covered and about 3.31 lakh slipped-back habitations are to be covered with provisions of drinking water facilities and 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations are to be addressed for water quality problem.While prioritising the addressal of the water quality problem, Arsenic and F luoride affected habitations have been accorded priority followed by Iron, Salinity, Nitrate and other contaminants. To ensure that habitations once provided with drinking water supply infrastructure do not slip back and face drinking water problem, sustainability of drinking water sources and systems has been accorded high priority. To achieve drinking water security at village/ habitation level, conjunctive use of water i.e. judicious use of rainwater, surface water and ground water is promoted.To enable the rural community shoulder the responsibility in management, operation and maintenance of water supply systems at village level, decentralized, demand-driven, community-managed approach in the form of Swajaldhara have been adopted. To further strengthen community participation in the drinking water sector for sustainability, National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Surveillance programme has been launched in February, 2006 under which 5 persons in each Gram Panchayat ar e to be trained to carry out regular surveillance of drinking water sources for which 100% financial assistance including water testing kits, are provided.Rural ElectrificationMinistry of Power has introduced the scheme Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) in April 2005, which aims at providing electricity in all villages and habitations in four years and provides access to electricity to all rural households. This programme has been brought under the ambit of Bharat Nirman.Under RGGVY, electricity distribution infrastructure is envisaged to establish Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (REDB) with at least a 33/11KV sub-station, Village Electrification Infrastructure (VEI) with at least a Distribution Transformer in a village or hamlet, and standalone grids with generation where grid supply is not feasible.This infrastructure would cater to the requirements of agriculture and other activities in rural areas including irrigation pump sets, small and medium industrie s, khadi and village industries, cold chains, healthcare and education and IT. This would urge on overall rural development, employment generation and poverty alleviation.Subsidy towards capital expenditure to the tune of 90% will be provided, through Rural Electrification hatful Limited (REC), which is a nodal agency for implementation of the scheme. Electrification of un-electrified Below Poverty Line (BPL) households will be financed with 100% capital subsidy Rs.1500/- per connection in all rural habitations.The Management of Rural Distribution is mandated through franchisees. The services of Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSU) are available to the States for assisting them in the execution of Rural Electrification projects.Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak YojnaThe Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) External website that opens in a new window was launched on 25 December 2000 as a fully funded Centrally Sponsored Scheme. The primary objective of the PMGSY is to provide con nectivity to all the eligible unconnected habitations of more than 500 persons in the rural areas (250 persons in the hilly and desert areas) by good quality all-weather roads.Under Bharat Nirman, goal has been set to provide connectivity to all the habitations with population of more than 1000 in the plain areas and habitations with a population of 500 or more in hilly and tribal areas in a time-bound manner by 2009. The systematic upgradation of the existing rural road networks is also an integral component of the scheme. Accordingly, an movement Plan has been prepared for connecting 66,802 habitations with 1,46,185 km of all-weather roads. This Action Plan also envisages upgradation/renewal of 1,94,130 km of the existing rural road network. Subsequently, based on ground verification by States, 62,985 habitations were found eligible to be connected under the programme, out of which 3421 habitations have been connected under other schemes. Thus, the revised target is to connect 59 ,564 habitations. It is estimated that an investment of about Rs.48,000 crore would be required for achieving the targets under Bharat Nirman. The implementation strategy focuses on quality, cost management and on time delivery.Up to July, 2008, project proposals amounting to Rs. 81,717 crore have been approved against which a sum of Rs. 38,499 crore has been released for 86,146 roads covering a length of 3,31,736 km. Against these, 52,218 road works having road length of 1,75629 km have been completed with a cumulative expenditure of Rs. 35,295 crore.Rural HousingHousing is one of basic requirements for human survival. For a shelterless person, possession of a house brings about a profound social change in his existence, endowing him with an identity, thus integrating him with his immediate social milieu.The Ministry of Rural Development is implementing Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) with a view to providing financial assistance to the rural poor living below poverty line for constructi on of pucca house. The details of the scheme along with its performance are given belowIndira Awaas Yojna (IAY)The Government of India is implementing Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) since the year 1985-86 to provide financial assistance for construction / upgradation of dwelling units to the below poverty line (BPL) rural households belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled Tribes and freed bonded labourers categories. From the year 1993-94, the scope of the scheme was extended to cover non-Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes rural BPL poor, subject to the condition that the benefits to non-SC/ST would not be more than 40% of the total IAY allocation. The benefits of the Scheme have also been extended to the families of ex-servicemen of the armed and paramilitary forces killed in action, 3% of the Houses are reserved for the rural Below Poverty Line physically and mentally challenged persons, From 2006-07 onward, funds and physical targets under IAY are also being earmarked for BPL minorities in each state.Under the scheme, financial resources are shared between the centre and the states on a 75 25 basis. Since, reduction of shelterlessness is the primary objective, 75% weightage is given to housing shortage and 25% to the poverty ratios prescribed by Planning Commission for state level allocation. For district level allocation, 75% weightage is given again to housing shortage and 25% to SC/ST population of the concerned districts.On the basis of allocations made and targets fixed, district Rural development Agency (DRDAs)/Zilla Parishada (ZPs) decide Panchayat-wise number of houses to be constructed under IAY and intimate the same to the concerned Gram Panchayat. Thereafter, the Gram Sabha selects the beneficiaries, restricting its number to the target allotted, from the list of eligible households from the Permanent IAY Waitlists. No further approval of the higher authority is required.The ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY has been enhanced w .e.f. 1.4.2008, Rs. 25, 000/- to Rs. 35,000/- per unit in the plain areas and from Rs. 27,500/ to Rs. 38,500/- in hilly/difficult areas. For upgradation of kutcha house, the financial assistance has also been enhanced from Rs. 12,500/- to Rs. 15,000/- per unit. In addition, The Reserve Bank of India has been requested by the Ministry of Finance to include IAY houses under the Differential Rate of Interest (DRI) scheme for lending upto Rs. 20,000 per unit at an interest rate of 4%.Further, the dwelling units should invariably be allotted in the name of a female member of the beneficiary household. Alternatively, it can be allotted in the name of both husband and wife. Only in case there is no eligible female member in the family, the house can be allotted in the name of an eligible male member.The Sanitary latrine and smokeless chullah and proper drainage are required for each IAY house. Latrine could be constructed separate for the IAY house on the site of beneficiary.The construct ion of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary. Engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited.No specific type design has been stipulated for an IAY house. Choice of design, technology and materials for construction of an IAY house is the sole discretion of the beneficiaries.About 181.51 lakh houses have been constructed under IAY since inception of the Scheme with an expenditure of Rs. 36900.41 crores (upto 31/5/2008)Performance during the year 2007-08During 2007-08, the Central allocation for Rural Housing was Rs. 40322.70 crore. The target for construction/upgradation of IAY houses was 21.27 lakh. Against this target, 19.88 lakh houses were constructed/upgraded by incurring an amount of Rs. 5458.01 crores (including State share).Performance during the year 2008-09The Central allocation for 2008-09 under the IAY is Rs. 56.45.77 crore for the target of constructing/upgrading 21.27 lakh IAY houses. Out of this, an amount of Rs. 1694.48 crore has been released as part of first installment and 85879 houses have been constructed so far, (upto 31/5/2008).Source National Portal Content Management Team, Reviewed on05-05-2010Eleventh plan (2007-2012)The eleventh plan has the following objectivesIncome PovertyAccelerate GDP growth from 8% to 10% and then maintain at 10% in the 12th Plan in order to double per capita income by 2016-17 accession agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefitsCreate 70 million new work opportunities. surmount educated unemployment to below 5%.Raise real wage rate of unskilled workers by 20 percent. restrict the headcount ratio of consumption poverty by 10 percentage points.EducationReduce dropout rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12Develop minimum standards of educational attainment in elementary school, and by regular testing monitor effectiveness of education to ensure quality maturation literacy rate for persons of age 7 years or above to 85%Lower gender gap in literacy to 10 percentage pointIncrease the percentage of each cohort going to higher education from the present 10% to 15% by the end of the planHealthReduce infant mortality rate to 28 and maternal mortality ratio to 1 per 1000 live birthsReduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1Provide loot drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backsReduce malnutrition among children of age group 0-3 to half its present levelReduce anaemia among women and girls by 50% by the end of the planwomen and ChildrenRaise the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17Ensure that at least 33 percent of the direct and indirect beneficiaries of all government schemes are women and girl childrenEnsure that all children enjoy a safe childhood, without any compulsion to workInfrastructureEnsure electricity connection to all villages and BPL households by 2009 and round-the-clock power.Ensure all-weather road connection to all habitation wi th population 1000 and above (500 in hilly and tribal areas) by 2009, and ensure coverage of all significant habitation by 2015Connect every village by telephone by November 2007 and provide broadband connectivity to all villages by 2012Provide homestead sites to all by 2012 and step up the stride of house construction for rural poor to cover all the poor by 2016-17EnvironmentIncrease forest and tree cover by 5 percentage points.Attain WHO standards of air quality in all major cities by 2011-12.Treat all urban waste water by 2011-12 to sweep river waters.Increase energy efficiency by 20 percentage points by 2016-17.

Different Types Of Retaining Wall Systems Available Construction Essay

Different Types Of Retaining sea palisade Systems Available Construction EssayAs a Construction Management Consultant of I-Consult Ltd appointed by I- Build Sdn Bhd, I am required to propose different types of retaining hem in system available. My proposal focuses on the localise investigating, vastness of retaining jetty, conduction methods, convention concepts and pr regular(a)tive measures to mitigate functional calamitys. I am required to propose an appropriate selection of the most suitable retaining rampart system used to the dialog box of Directors, in which the project is fixed at hilly bea which consists of 20 units of luxury bungalows.In this proposal, I am going to discussthe importance of place investigation,the importance of retaining fence in,the concept of retaining jetty,types of retaining beleaguerthe most suitable retaining wall for this hilly project.The Importance of Site investigationEvery man-made civil engineering organise is found on, in or with maroon. The structure we put on the terms is man-made. We can subdue to send off every item that goes into our structure, such as concrete, reinforcement, bricks and even the last wall plug. However, the ground below on which this structure will stand is not man-made. We unremarkably have little knowledge about it and we doubtless cannot design or control its behavior. The ground below will determine the economies of how tall, how heavy, how safe the final structure is going to be and not the other mien round. In short, the base hit and economics of every civil engineering structure is influenced by the properties of the ground on which this structure will stand. These properties of the ground below or sub- speck properties are obtained via Site Investigation.In any site investigation give, the questions which should be resolved in determining the investigation program areWhat type of investigation is needed,Why they are needed,Where the actual field executions shou ld be performed,How the work is to be done.Whether the investigation is sufficient or too much.Site investigation is ordinarily crucial and carried out prior to the commencement of design of a mental synthesis project. Site investigation has been defined as investigation of the physical characteristics of the site and includes infotainment studies, site surveys and ground investigation. It is in any case refers to the actual surface or subsurface investigation, including on site and laboratory tests. In broad sense, study of the site memorial and environment, interpretation and analyses of all available data, and making recommendations on the favorable/unfavorable locations, economic and safe design, and prediction of potential risks should also be included in site investigations.First and foremost, a desk study to reveal data which may already exist concerning the site, its geology and history, together with a site reconnaissance, is invaluable and can be done before purchase at minimal cost. This may be followed by trial pitting, probing or boring as appropriate to the conditions revealed by preceding studies and in the light of the development proposals. It is also a precaution to minimize damage that could be caused by these imperfections could also be communicated at this stage. At least home dwellers would be alerted to potential problems (and the associated costs) from the outset, thus enabling them to make informed decisions regarding the most appropriate foundation system for their homes.Site investigation is intentional to identify the characteristics of soils or fill substantives which lie beneath the site, the ground water conditions and the existence and extent of other physical features or contaminants which may be present. This information influences the selection and design of an appropriate structural form for the proposed grammatical construction. It is a process which should continue on an iterative basis throughout the design and c onstruction phases. Post-construction monitoring can also be of importance in many instances as part of a validation process.The unite building load up indicated in figure 1 essential be safely supported by the undersoil and also ensure that unreasonable movements of the building do not occur. If the supporting soil is sufficient repelling and its characteristics under load are likely to remain satisfactory, the problems of support and movement will be easily resolved. However, few soils other than rock can gybe these concentrated loads and it is usually necessary to collect the resolved loads at their lowest point and transfer them to adequate bearing soil cognize to be available on a particular site (figure 2). skeleton 1 Combined building loadsFigure 2 Method of transferring combined building loads to supporting soil.The general distri furtherion of soil types in the United Kingdom is indicated in figure 3 the soils include peat, clay, slit, sand and gravel. tally safe bear ing storms are also given.Figure 3 simplified distribution of various types of supporting soilsLastly, site investigation should be undertaken by passe-partout specialists, such as surveyors, geotechnical engineer and ground investigation contractor, and in a phased manner. The ground investigation contractor is prudent for providing reliable factual data. The geotechnical consultant should responsible for the planning execution of the investigation program, interpretation and analyses of results, and making appropriate design recommendations to avoid over design as well as unsafe design. also-ran of Site InvestigationDue to lack of or inadequacy of guide/code requirement regarding the extent as well as quality of site investigation work, geotechnical failures often occurred. These failures sometime led to catastrophic disaster and imposed serious threat to public safety.For the High disembark Incident in Kuala Lumpur in 1993, the house decorator appointed qualified civil engin eer to be the consulting engineer for Highland Towers. Initially, civil engineers scope of works was restricted to the structural aspect of the three blocks. alone subsequently, the civil engineer was engaged by the developer to submit proposals over the drainage of the area. His drainage plan was approved. He was also retained by the developer to design and wangle the construction of two retaining walls on the Highland Towers site. The Plaintiffs claimed that the civil engineer was negligent for the following reasons(i) Designing unsuitable foundations(ii) Lack of burster and concern of the hill and set up(iii) Issuing a notice to the authorities confirming the drainage works was completed when only a fraction of it was done.By the above acts of preparing, designing and lapse the construction of Highland Towers and the drainage system of the Highland Towers site, he was negligent and had caused nuisance to them. The civil engineer had used rail piles welded together as foundat ion to support the three apartment blocks. This type of piles, which was con arrayred inferior to concrete piles, was evaluate in the engineering and building industry to support high-rise buildings at the material time. Thus, no fault can be attributed to the civil engineer in victimisation the rail piles as he was only adhering to the accepted professional practice at that time. However, on that point was lack of consideration by the civil engineer to the hill and the slope directly rat the three blocks. The dally ruled that the civil engineer should have reasonably foreseen the danger of a landslide producing a lateral load against the foundation of the building. For this, he should have exercised care to either design or construct a foundation to accommodate the lateral load or ensure that the slope was reasonably stable. Failure to do so is a breach of his duty of care he owes to the Plaintiffs since his duty was to ensure the safety of the buildings he designed and built . The civil engineers attempt to deny obligation on the ground that he relied on the developer to ensure that other retaining walls were constructed properly was unsuccessful. The judge found that it was incumbent upon the civil engineer to enquire and ascertain whether the work was that of a qualified professional and what its impact expertness be on the safety of his own building.Figure 4 Highland Incident in Kuala Lumpur in 1993What is Retaining Wall?A retaining wall is a stabilizing structure designed and constructed to retain soil at a slope that is greater than it would naturally assume, usually at a vertical or near-vertical position. Besides, the retaining wall used to prevent the erosion and the movement of soil. The function of retaining wall is to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the natural slope taken by the soil which is called the angle of repose of the soil. The retaining wall is the wedge of soil r esting on this upper plane of the angle of repose that a retaining wall has to support.It is also designed with weep holes which allow collected water to escape. This releases the additional pressure created by a accumulated water and helps in stabilizing the retaining wall.The walls are designed to offer the necessary resistance by using their own mass to resist the thrust or relying upon the principles of leverage. The terminology used in retaining wall construction is shown on figure 5Figure 5 Terminology of Retaining WallConstructing a retaining wall, several types of materials can be used. Stone and concrete are the most common materials used in constructing a retaining wall. Besides, there are also special retaining wall blocks crafted from aggregate materials and light concrete which are designed for this purpose. Because each block fits securely with the next, some styles interconnect, making building simpler, less costly and time required. These blocks do not require the ad dition of mortar due to the fit of these blocks is secure.A retaining wall can be tiers or a series of steps, which allow more efficient erosion control as well as a more sophisticated design. Different types of plantings, f visits or materials in each tier can be included in the design to bring more color, texture and interest to the area. By breaking stack the amount of soil and pressure, a tiered design also give a better erosion control held by each division of the retaining wall instead of adding the aesthetic value.Today, there are several styles and types of retaining wall blocks, and most people choose preformed blocks. Unlike today, macroscopic collierys and railroad ties were often used to construct a tiered retaining wall in the past. Performed blocks are affordable and user- friendly, making other methods out of date at all, except the look of rough stone or wood is preferred.The Concept of Retaining WallDESIGN PRINCIPLESThe design of any retaining wall is basically c oncerned with the lateral pressures of the retained soil and any subsoil water. The purposes to construct a retaining wall are shown as belowIt is difficult to precisely identify the properties of any soil because they are inconsistent materials. The calculation of pressure exerted at any point on the wall is a task for the expert, who must take into account the following factorsNature and type of soil eyeshade of water tableSubsoil water movementsType of wallMaterials used in the construction of the wall.Design calculations related to the resultant thrust of retained material behind a 1m length of wall. There are two well-established methods can be used to determine the resultant thrustRankines formulaCoulombs graphical copy or wedge theory.EARTH PRESSURESThe designer is mainly concerned with the effect of two forms of humanity pressureACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE are those that go to move or overturn the retaining wall, and are composed of the acres wedge being retained together with any hydrostatic pressure caused by the heraldic bearing of groundwater. The latter can be reduced by the use of subsoil drainage behind the wall, or by inserting drainage openings called weep holes through the oppressiveness of the stem, enabling the water to drain away.PASSIVE EARTH RESISTANCES are reactionary pressures that will react in the form of a resistance to movement of the wall. If the wall tends to move forward, the earth in front of the toe to counteract the forward movement. This pressure can be increased by enlarging the depth of the toe or by forming a rib on the underside of the base.Active earth pressures must equal to passive earth resistances in order to avoid overturning and flier eluding. Typical examples of these pressures are shown in figure 6 and figure 7.Figure 6 Active and Passive Earth Pressures act on mount Retaining WallFigure 7 Active and Passive Earth Pressures act on Cantilever Retaining WallSTABILITYThe overall stability of a retaining wall is governed by the result of the action and reaction of a number of loadsEFFECT OF WATERThe design and stability can be affected by ground water behind a retaining wall whether static or percolating through subsoil. The pressure on the vertebral column of the wall will be increased. By step-down the soil shear strength, the bearing capacity of the soil can be reduced it can reduce the frictional resistance between the base and the soil and reduce possible passive pressure in front of the wall. As a result, the issue of drainage of the water behind the retaining wall is the utmost authoritative in the design.SLIP CIRCLE FAILURESlip circle failure (shown in figure 8) is sometimes encountered with retaining wall in clay soils, particularly where there is a heavy surcharge of retained material. It takes the form of a rotational movement of the soil and wall along a circular fore. The arc commences behind the wall and passes under the base, resulting in a tilting and forward movement of the wall. Further movement can be prevented by driving sheet piles into ground in front of the toe, to a depth that will cut the slip circles arc.Moment due to weight of retained earth and wall above slip circle arc about O is greater than restoring moment RM.RM=permissible shear stress x length of arc ABC x arc radius OCResult mass above ABC rotates about O. Wall tilts forward and earth heaves in front.Figure 8 Retaining wall failure due to rotational movement.The Importance of a Retaining WallA retaining wall might be built on property for various reasons. Some take of shucks and soil will be held away from home, garden, pool or play area by building a retaining wall.The sheer aesthetics might also be added on it. A more usable land will be provided if there have a lot of rolling and slopping yard.The importance of retaining wall is stated as belowRetaining Walls Hold Back the EarthBuildings might be built on a hill or in a valley between several hills. Retaining wall will hold back the earth once the hillside has been dug out to construct buildings. Dirt does back in from the sides of the wall with each shovel full. The more you shovel, the dirt begins to fall back in. the sides are loose and weak, so they will crumble at the slightest provocation.The dirt which remains has to discharge when the side of a hill is dug out. If left alone, it will eventually comes tumbling down. The dirt will be held back and the safety will be ensured.Retaining Walls Provide More Usable LandA walk-out basement, patio, playground, garden, tennis court or swimming pool might be installed into proposed development. If the land is rolling or hilly, work cannot be begun until the ground is leveled off.A sort of cliff, where a part of the proposed land which is not dug out is higher than the lower flat land, will then be left out. Adding a retaining wall will have more usable land as well as will add structure and beauty to your new area. Retaining wall can be used as steps into the pool where pool equipments to be held.Retaining Walls void the Ground from Washing AwayIf the area gets a lot of rainfall or near water such as lake, a retaining wall will keep the water from eroding the soil of your landscaping and around your foundation. This could be a safety measure to prevent landslides and river of dirt from floating towards the buildings.Types of WallMass retaining wallsMass retaining walls also known as gravity walls. They rely upon their own mass together with the friction on the underside of the base to overcome the magnetic inclination to slide or overturn. They are generally economic only up to a height of 1.800m. Mass walls can be constructed of semi-engineering quality bricks bedded in a 13 cement mortar or of mass concrete. Mass concrete could have some light fabric reinforcement to control surface cracking. Natural stone is suitable for small walls up to 1.000m high, but generally it is used as a facing material for walls up to 1.000m high, but generally it is used as a facing material for wall over 1.000m.Typical examples of mass retaining walls are shown in figure 9 and 10Figure 9 Brick Mass Retaining WallsFigure 10 Mass Concrete Retaining Wall with Stone FacingsCantilever wallsCantilever walls are usually of strengthen concrete, and work on the principles of leverage. Two basic forms can be considered a base with a openhanded heel so that the mass of the wall with a large toe (figure 10). The figure shows ordinary sections and patterns of reinforcement encountered with these basic forms of cantilever retaining wall. The main steel occurs on the tension face of the wall, and nominal steel (0.15% of the cross-sectional area of the wall) is very often included in the opposite face to control the shrinkage cracking that occurs in in-situ concrete work. Reinforcement requirements, bending, fabricating and placing are dealt with in detail in the section on the reinforced concrete. strengthened cantilever walls have an eco nomic height range of 1.200-6.000m. Walls in excess of this height have been economically constructed using prestressing techniques. Any durable facing material may be applied to the surface to improve the appearance of the wall, but it must be remembered that such finishes are decorative and add nothing to the structural strength of the wall.Figure 10 strengthen Concrete Cantilever Retaining WallsCounterfort Retaining WallsThese walls can be constructed of reinforced or prestressed concrete, and are considered suitable if the height is over 4.500m. The counterforts are triangular beams placed at suitable centres behind the stem and above the base to enable the stem and base to act as slabs spanning horizontally over or under the counterforts. Figure 11 and figure 12 show a typical section and pattern of reinforcement for a counterofrt retaining wall.If the counterforts are placed on the face of the stem they are termed buttresses, and the whole arrangement is called a buttress-ret aining wall. The design and construction principles are similar in the two formats.Figure 11 Reinforced Concrete Counterfort Retaining WallFigure 12 Reinforced Concrete Counterfort Retaining WallReinforced masonry retaining wallsSteel reinforcement may be used in brick retaining walls to resist tensile forces and to prevent the effects of shear. A brick bonding arrangement known as Quetta bond is used to create a uniform distribution of vertical voids. Vertical steel reinforcement is tied to the foundation reinforcement and spaced to accord with purpose-made voids. The voids are filled with concrete to produce a series of reinforced concrete mini-columns within the wall when the brickwork is completed.Where appearance is not important, or the wall is to receive a surface treatment, reinforcement and in-situ concrete within hollow concrete block work provide for economical and functional construction. Figure 13 shows the application of standard-profile, hollow, dense concrete blocks lay in stretcher bond as permanent formwork to continuous vertical columns.Figure 13 Reinforced Concrete Block Retaining WallThe height potential and slenderness ratio (effective height to width) for reinforced masonry walls can be enhanced by post-tensioning the structure. For purposes of brick walls there are a number of construction options, includingQuetta bond with steel bars concrete in the voidsStretcher-bonded wide cavity with reinforced steel bars coated for erosion protectionSolid wall of perforated bricks with continuous voids containing grouted steel reinforcement bars.Some examples are shown in figure 14Figure 14 Post-tensioned Brick Retaining Walls inferenceBased on discussion shown on above, I would like to select Cantilever retaining wall as the most suitable retaining wall for the project where is fixed at hilly area which consists of 20 units of luxury bungalows.As shown as above, a cantilever retaining wall is a form of masonry installation that holds a large am ount of earth in place. The cantilever design is just one of several variations on a retaining wall design, using various principles to manage earth loads. Cantilever retaining wall has an economic height range of 1.200-6.000m. This type of retaining wall is suitable for bungalows because the height is sufficient to support the bungalows.A concrete cantilever retaining wall uses a relatively thin stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place, concrete or mortared masonry. In a cantilever retaining wall design, an earth pressure vector acts horizontally against the side of the wall. The bottom part of the wall presents a gravity vector downward. That gravity vector produces an opposite force upward. The resulting vector counters the earth pressure vector, and pushes back against the earth load. This type of retaining wall is more stable compared to the other three types which stated on above in order to build 20 units of luxury bungalows because the loads are distributed equally.Retaining wall design is evaluated to moderate the effects of a landslide. Retaining walls can be helpful in protecting soil against the kinds of movement associated with these natural disasters. tone at landslide risk and the risk of liquefaction, the water saturation of earth, is part of assessing how a retaining wall works. Cantilever retaining wall is one that consists of a uniform burdensomeness wall which is tied to a footing. It located at the basement of bungalows. Thus, cantilever retaining wall will hold back the earth. Soil erosion, landslides and environment disasters are less likely to be occurred. In other words, cracking and collapse of 20 units of luxury bungalows are avoided.Weep holes are designed in the cantilever retaining wall to release the additional pressure created by a accumulated water and helps in stabilizing the retaining wall. This ensures the building will not collapse due to the loyal flow of water on the hill.In conclusion, a suitable retaining wall is able to stabilize the soil and avoid overturning and sliding of building. Beside, a suitable retaining wall can also help in saving the construction cost. Therefore, cantilever retaining wall is the most suitable retaining wall for 20 units of luxury bungalows which are located on the hilly area.

Autism in Children :: essays research papers

Lemon juicePepper sprayHandcuffsBlindfoldsThese are terms that should never enter a parents brainiac when they send Their pip-squeakren off to school. Especially, if their child is autistic, or has some other kind of learning disability. These terms are known as aversives, and are used to issue miens in children mainly with autism. They cause pain and are a form of punishment for a behavior no matter how large or small(a) i.e. Biting, kicking, punching, not blowing your nose, or not sitting when told to do so. If a command was not followed by a student, the teachers immediate reaction is to use one of the more aversives. This is something that has to be stopped and should not be allowed.This type of behavior modification is used all through out the United States and there are still two known programs that use aversives in New Jersey, Eden Institute and Bancroft Neurohealth. I was personally at Eden and witnessed this going on right in front of me, and I knew of a student that unfortunately past away in one of these places. ( pull up stakes not name which) these techniques are dangerous, torturous, over used, and should not be allowed. There are millions of different things that fuel be done to achieve the same success rate of reducing behaviors. They may not be as quick, but they can and will work. How about positive reinforcement? A technique used in schools also to reduce behaviors. That means you speak to the child is a positive manner or use a reward system like verbal praise, or a piece of cookie, or a sip of a favorite drink to reduce a behavior. If a child does not listen or does not like to follow directions, you can say Mike if you sit quietly then I will give you a piece of cookie and most of the time the child will listen because he/she really wants that cookie. Now some may say thats fine and dandy but what about more aggressive behavior? Like biting or pulling hair. I would say if a child is biting try to find out why the child is biting. Is it because he is upset, cant verbalize what he/she wants or maybe his/her teeth are bothering them. There are a lot of things that can be done. For starters word a behavior plan, using the ABC method.This means Antecedent Behavior Consequence.

Early Christianity :: essays research papers

Christianity is now in our modern world one of the five major religions. The other(a) major religions intromit Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism from which Christianity descended. Christianity was practiced before Christ, During his life, and after his life. later Christs life Christianity spread to become a main world religion.In 63 B.C. papistical power spread to Judea, the Jewish homeland. At the time King Herod was the ruler of Judea, he accepted Roman rule and angered many Jews by doing so. After the death of Herod many Jews revolted against Roman rule for 10 years. At this time there were two main factions of Jews, one group, the Zealots wanted to rid Judea of Roman influence. The other group was waiting for a messiah as scripture had prophetized. The Messiah, or Savior would restore the kingdom to the Jews. delivery boy is said to have been born somewhat 4-6 BC. When Jesus was 30 he began his ministry. Many of the reasons that his religion succeeded were that it trea ted everyone equ wholey promised eternal life and was centered on on your personal relationship with God. Jesus teachings included love for God, neighbors, enemies and yourself. The ten commandments and the basic foundation of Judaism was included in his teachings as Jesus was born a Jew.Jesus had 12 disciples, disciple delegacy follower or pupil, even long after the death of Jesus these disciples would continue teaching about Jesus. The first four books of the bible were written by the Disciple these books are called apostles they are as follows Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Jesus became famous, because he appealed to the rich and poor alike, he had few or no possessions and he traveled all over what was then considered to be the world. Jesus attracted attention from both Jewish and Roman leaders. When Jesus visited Jerusalem around 29 AD, he found gung ho crowds greeting him as the messiah. However he was arrested for not worshiping pagan Roman gods and was sentenced to death on a cross. While he was hanging awaiting death he forgave those who had killed him and those who had worshipped him the day before were denying him. After his crucifixion he was placed in a tomb, on the third day he rose, and greeted his followers, further convincing them that he was the messiah.Paul was originally a Jew by the name of Saul, who persecuted Christians.